What is the health effects of excess fluorides in the drinking water?
What is the health effects of excess fluorides in the drinking water?
Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinking-water, can cause fluorosis which affects the teeth and bones. Moderate amounts lead to dental effects, but long-term ingestion of large amounts can lead to potentially severe skeletal problems.
What is fluoride in groundwater?
Fluoride is a chemical element that is found most frequently in groundwater and has become one of the most important toxicological environmental hazards globally. The alkalinity of water also helps in mobilizing fluoride from fluorite (CaF2).
How does fluoride increase groundwater?
Natural sources are associated to the geological conditions of an area. Several rocks have fluoride bearing minerals like apatite, fluorite, biotite and hornblende. The weathering of these rocks and infiltration of rainfall through it increases fluoride concentration in groundwater.
Which group of state is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in groundwater?
The problem of excessive fluoride in groundwater in India was first reported in 1937 in the state of Andhra Pradesh (Short et al. 1937). Telangana State is one of the fluoride affected states in the country and is considered to be endemic to fluorosis.
What are the effects of fluoride on the body?
Excess exposure to fluoride can lead to a bone disease known as skeletal fluorosis. Over many years, this can result in pain and damage to bones and joints. The bones may become hardened and less elastic, increasing the risk of fractures.
How much fluoride is found in groundwater?
Well water (groundwater) fluoride levels vary depending on the minerals in the rock and ores that the water passes through. Fluoride in ocean water (96.5 percent of Earth’s water) is typically in the range of 1.2 to 1.4 ppm.
What are the main sources of groundwater?
Groundwater sources are beneath the land surface and include springs and wells. As can be seen from the hydrologic cycle, when rain falls to the ground, some water flows along the land to streams or lakes, some water evaporates into the atmosphere, some is taken up by plants, and some seeps into the ground.
Which state has highest ground water level?
Rise in water level is prominent in all the states of the country except Punjab and Uttar Pradesh and to some extent in Rajasthan. Rise in water level of more than 4 m is prominent in the most of the states such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
Which 21 Indian cities will run out of groundwater by 2020?
Twenty one cities in India including Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad – will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting around 100 million people, claims a report by NITI Ayog. The report also says that 40 per cent of India’s population will have no access to drinking water by 2030.
How does fluoride enter the body?
When swallowed, fluoride is absorbed via the stomach and intestines, and passes rapidly round the body in the bloodstream. Peak blood levels appear in 30-60 minutes after swallowing. The most soluble fluoride compounds, such as sodium fluoride in water, tablets and toothpaste, are almost completely absorbed.
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