What cells make trails?
What cells make trails?
During development, TRAIL is predominantly expressed in fetal and neonatal mouse liver NK cells. Some of the TRAIL+ immature NK cells remain in the liver of adult mice and its retention is dependent on IFN-γ, but not on interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 or host pathogens.
How does TRAIL induce apoptosis?
TRAIL has been shown to induce apoptosis through binding its respective receptors, DR4 and DR5. Ligation of TRAIL to its receptor results in trimerization of the receptor and clustering of the receptor’s intracellular DD, leading to the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).
What is the function of TRAIL?
In the field of cell biology, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis. TRAIL is a cytokine that is produced and secreted by most normal tissue cells.
What is TNF in apoptosis?
TNF activates both cell-survival and cell-death mechanisms simultaneously. TNF-induced apoptosis is mediated primarily through the activation of type I receptors, the death domain of which recruits more than a dozen different signaling proteins, which together are considered part of an apoptotic cascade.
What is human TRAIL?
TRAIL is a type II membrane protein and expressed in a variety of human tissues. Like TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis and NF-kB activation in many tissues and cells.
What is TRAIL treatment?
A cell protein that can attach to certain molecules in some cancer cells and may kill the cells. TRAIL is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Also called Apo-2L, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
What does TNF alpha do?
Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. The protein is also important for resistance to infection and cancers.
What is FAS in apoptosis?
Fas is a membrane protein belonging to the death receptor family. Cross-linking of Fas by its ligand, FasL, or agonistic anti-Fas antibodies, induces apoptosis of cells expressing Fas on the membrane by triggering a cascade of caspases.
What is difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
The main difference between apoptosis and necrosis is that apoptosis is a predefined cell suicide, where the cell actively destroys itself, maintaining a smooth functioning in the body whereas necrosis is an accidental cell death occurring due to the uncontrolled external factors in the external environment of the cell …
What are the two pathways of apoptosis?
The two main pathways of apoptosis are extrinsic and intrinsic as well as a perforin/granzyme pathway. Each requires specific triggering signals to begin an energy-dependent cascade of molecular events.
Is Trail a protein?
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein composed of 281 amino acids, which binds with its cognate receptors (discussed below), which are members of the TNF receptor superfamily to induce apoptosis.
What do death receptors do?
Death receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily characterized by a cytoplasmic region known as the “death domain” that enables the receptors to initiate cytotoxic signals when engaged by cognate ligands. Death receptors were once thought to primarily induce cytotoxic signaling cascades.
Why are TRAIL receptors important in tumour cells?
TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a member of the TNF family of proteins. Tumour cells were initially found to have increased sensitivity to TRAIL compared with normal cells, raising hopes that TRAIL would prove useful as an anti-tumor agent.
Where are low levels of TRAIL receptors found?
Low levels of TRAIL expression were found to be limited mostly to smooth muscle in lung and spleen as well as glial cells in the cerebellum and follicular cells in the thyroid.
How is trail used in the treatment of cancer?
In vitro, TRAIL was shown to be able to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells, raising hopes that TRAIL may have therapeutic potential as an anti-cancer agent 1, 2. It has also been shown that soluble TRAIL and monoclonal antibodies against TR1 and TR2 exert potent anti-tumor activity in vivo without systemic toxicity 14, 15, 16.
Which is cell line expresses TR1 and TR2?
A number of lymphocyte cell lines were stained with the antibodies and a representative staining of BJAB (a B cell line), which expresses both TR1 and TR2, is shown ( Fig. 1C ). The Jurkat T cell line was found to express TR2 and TR3, while another B cell line, Namalwa, expresses TR2 and some TR1 and TR3 (data not shown).